Reduced Clauses
who is waiting → waiting · which was treated → treated
Reduced clause, cümlecikteki tekrar eden öğeleri kaldırıp anlamı daha kısa ve akademik verir. YÖKDİL Sağlık metinlerinde en sık reduced relative clauses, adverbial reductions, being + V3, having been + V3 ve kalıplaşmış pasif ifadelerle görülür.
Reduced Clause Mantığı
shorter clause, same meaningİndirgeme, anlamı eksiltmeden cümleyi kısaltır. En temel karar şudur: Cümlecikteki isim eylemi kendisi mi yapıyor, yoksa eylem ona mı yapılıyor? Bu karar `-ing` ile `V3` arasındaki farkı belirler.
Aktif
who/which + verb → -ing
Pasif
who/which + be + V3 → V3
Sürmekte olan pasif
being + V3
Önce bitmiş pasif
having been + V3
Reduced Relative Clauses
who/which/that shortenedRelative pronoun ve bazen be fiili düşer
very frequent| Tam yapı | İndirgenmiş yapı | Doğal Türkçe |
|---|---|---|
| The patients who are waiting outside look anxious.🔊 | The patients waiting outside look anxious.🔊 | Dışarıda bekleyen hastalar endişeli görünüyor. |
| The drug that was prescribed yesterday caused nausea.🔊 | The drug prescribed yesterday caused nausea.🔊 | Dün reçete edilen ilaç mide bulantısına yol açtı. |
| The disorder that is associated with ageing requires long-term care.🔊 | The disorder associated with ageing requires long-term care.🔊 | Yaşlanmayla ilişkili hastalık uzun süreli bakım gerektirir. |
Active mi Passive mi?
-ing vs V3En büyük sınav tuzağı budur
meaning decides form| Karar | Özgün tıp örneği | Mantık |
|---|---|---|
| Aktif: -ing | Doctors treating chronic pain often combine medication with exercise.🔊 | Doktorlar tedavi ediyor; işi yapan isim doctors. |
| Pasif: V3 | Patients treated for chronic pain often need psychological support.🔊 | Hastalar tedavi ediliyor; eylemi alan isim patients. |
| Aktif: -ing | A virus causing respiratory symptoms can spread quickly.🔊 | Virüs belirtilere yol açıyor; aktif. |
| Pasif: V3 | Symptoms caused by a virus may disappear within a week.🔊 | Belirtiler virüs tarafından oluşturuluyor; pasif. |
Reduced Adverb Clauses
when, while, after, before, if, althoughZaman, koşul ve zıtlık cümlecikleri kısalabilir
same subject needed| Tam yapı | İndirgenmiş yapı | Doğal Türkçe |
|---|---|---|
| While the nurse was checking the chart, she noticed an error.🔊 | While checking the chart, the nurse noticed an error.🔊 | Çizelgeyi kontrol ederken hemşire bir hata fark etti. |
| After the doctor examined the patient, he ordered a blood test.🔊 | After examining the patient, the doctor ordered a blood test.🔊 | Hastayı muayene ettikten sonra doktor kan testi istedi. |
| If the wound is left untreated, it may become infected.🔊 | If left untreated, the wound may become infected.🔊 | Tedavi edilmeden bırakılırsa yara enfekte olabilir. |
| Although the drug is considered safe, it may cause drowsiness.🔊 | Although considered safe, the drug may cause drowsiness.🔊 | Güvenli kabul edilse de ilaç uyuşukluğa yol açabilir. |
being / having been
ongoing passive and earlier passivePasif indirgemede zaman farkı
advanced exam point| Yapı | Özgün tıp örneği | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| being + V3 | The patient being treated in the intensive care unit is stable.🔊 | Yoğun bakımda tedavi edilmekte olan hasta stabil. |
| having been + V3 | Having been diagnosed early, the patient recovered quickly.🔊 | Erken teşhis edildiği için hasta hızla iyileşti. |
| being + adjective | Being overweight increases the risk of heart disease.🔊 | Fazla kilolu olmak kalp hastalığı riskini artırır. |
Sınavda Görülen Hazır Kalıplar
compact academic chunksUzun paragrafı kısaltan akademik parçalar
translation and paragraph questions| Kalıp | Özgün tıp örneği | Doğal Türkçe |
|---|---|---|
| known as | The condition known as chronic fatigue syndrome is difficult to diagnose.🔊 | Kronik yorgunluk sendromu olarak bilinen durumun teşhisi zordur. |
| called | A hormone called insulin helps regulate blood sugar.🔊 | İnsülin adı verilen bir hormon kan şekerini düzenlemeye yardımcı olur. |
| identified as | Soft drinks identified as a major source of empty calories may contribute to obesity.🔊 | Boş kalorilerin önemli bir kaynağı olarak tanımlanan gazlı içecekler obeziteye katkıda bulunabilir. |
| based on | Guidelines based on recent evidence recommend earlier screening.🔊 | Güncel kanıtlara dayanan kılavuzlar daha erken tarama önermektedir. |
| including | Several risk factors, including hypertension and smoking, increase cardiovascular risk.🔊 | Hipertansiyon ve sigara dahil çeşitli risk faktörleri kardiyovasküler riski artırır. |
Sık Hatalar
what exam options often test| Yanlış | Doğru | Neden? |
|---|---|---|
| The patients treated the disease recovered fast. | The patients treated for the disease recovered fast.🔊 | Hastalar hastalığı tedavi etmedi; hastalar tedavi edildi. |
| The drug causing by inflammation reduced pain. | The pain caused by inflammation was reduced.🔊 | caused by pasif kalıptır; causing by olmaz. |
| While checked the chart, the nurse noticed an error. | While checking the chart, the nurse noticed an error.🔊 | Nurse işi yapıyor; while + -ing gerekir. |
Özgün Mini Quiz
8 exam-style reduced clause questions1. Patients ---- at an early stage and given prompt treatment usually have far better long-term outcomes than ---- diagnosed only after the symptoms become severe.
2. The researchers ---- the new vaccine on thousands of volunteers reported ---- fewer side effects than they had originally expected.
3. The medication ---- to the patient only yesterday must always ---- with food in order to avoid stomach irritation.
4. ---- untreated for too long, even a localised infection can ---- the surrounding healthy tissue.
5. While ---- the patient's file before the operation, the anaesthetist noticed that a crucial test result ---- missing.
6. The elderly patient ---- in the emergency unit shortly after midnight ---- now in a stable condition.
7. ---- at an unusually early stage, the aggressive tumour ---- remarkably well to a relatively mild course of chemotherapy.
8. A wide range of conditions, ---- asthma and allergic rhinitis, can be significantly improved simply ---- the main environmental triggers.
Sınav Ayarı · Exam-Level
AUTHENTIC YÖKDİL-STYLE · LONGER & HARDER9. The patients ---- to the intensive care unit during the night are now reported to be in a stable condition.
10. ---- early in the course of the illness, the new antiviral drug significantly reduces mortality among high-risk patients.
11. ---- the preliminary tests, the laboratory team immediately began analysing the more complex tissue samples.