Adım Adım Çözümler

Unless inflammation is brought under control soon after the initial injury, the patient's condition may ---- rapidly, leaving clinicians with fewer treatment options and a higher risk of permanent tissue damage.

1. stabilise
2. deteriorate
3. fluctuate
4. persist
5. respond

Before attributing persistent fatigue to psychological stress, physicians should perform basic laboratory tests to ---- treatable conditions such as anaemia, thyroid dysfunction, or vitamin deficiency.

1. bring about
2. rule out
3. take over
4. hand down
5. give in

The effectiveness of a screening programme depends not only ---- the sensitivity of the test but also ---- whether positive results can be followed by accessible and reliable treatment.

1. on / on
2. for / with
3. from / about
4. at / into
5. through / by

---- by advances in portable imaging devices, clinicians can now evaluate suspected internal bleeding before a patient is transferred to a specialised trauma centre.

1. To be supported
2. To support
3. Supporting
4. Having supported
5. Supported

Continuous monitoring can reveal changes in heart rhythm that patients do not notice; ----, it may also lead to unnecessary alarm when harmless variations are interpreted without clinical context.

1. therefore
2. moreover
3. however
4. similarly
5. otherwise

As symptoms of coeliac disease may resemble those of several digestive disorders and may disappear temporarily when patients change their diet, ----.

1. dietary changes alone are usually sufficient to distinguish it from other intestinal disorders
2. confirming the diagnosis often requires both antibody testing and careful evaluation of intestinal tissue
3. serological findings should be interpreted without considering previous changes in eating habits
4. digestive complaints are generally classified before immune mechanisms are investigated
5. short-term symptom relief is regarded as stronger evidence than laboratory confirmation

----; nevertheless, physicians are reluctant to rely on it alone because a normal result does not necessarily exclude early-stage disease.

1. Some imaging methods provide detailed anatomical information only after specialist interpretation
2. A rapid bedside test can provide useful information within a few minutes
3. Screening programmes may identify patients who would otherwise delay seeking medical advice
4. Automated laboratory devices can reduce variation between different operators
5. Early-stage disease may progress slowly before producing clear clinical findings

Although telemedicine can improve access to specialist advice for patients living in remote areas, its effectiveness depends on the quality of communication and the availability of follow-up care.

1. Uzak bölgelerde yaşayan hastalar için teletıp, uzman görüşüne erişimi tamamen yeterli hâle getirdiğinden takip bakımının kalitesi daha az önemlidir.
2. Uzak bölgelerde yaşayan hastalar, iletişim kalitesi düşük olduğunda bile teletıp sayesinde uzman görüşüne kesin olarak ulaşabilir.
3. Teletıp yalnızca takip bakımı mevcut olmadığında uzak bölgelerde yaşayan hastalar için uzman görüşüne erişimi artırabilir.
4. Uzman görüşüne erişim ve takip bakımı yeterli olduğunda teletıp uzak bölgelerde yaşayan hastalar için gerekli değildir.
5. Teletıp, uzak bölgelerde yaşayan hastaların uzman görüşüne erişimini artırabilse de etkililiği iletişimin kalitesine ve takip bakımının mevcut olmasına bağlıdır.

Patients who discontinue anticoagulant medication without consulting their physician may increase their risk of clot formation, even if they have not experienced any symptoms for months.

1. Aylarca hiçbir belirti yaşamayan hastalar, hekime danışmadan pıhtı önleyici ilaç kullanmaya başladıklarında pıhtı oluşumu riskini artırabilir.
2. Hekimlerine danışan hastalar, aylarca belirti yaşamamış olsalar bile pıhtı önleyici ilaçlarını bırakırlarsa pıhtı oluşumu riskini azaltabilir.
3. Hekimlerine danışmadan pıhtı önleyici ilaçlarını bırakan hastalar, aylarca hiçbir belirti yaşamamış olsalar bile pıhtı oluşumu risklerini artırabilir.
4. Pıhtı önleyici ilaçlarını bırakan hastalar, yalnızca belirtiler yeniden başladığında hekime danışırlarsa pıhtı oluşumu riskini artırır.
5. Aylarca belirti görülmemesi, pıhtı önleyici ilacın hekime danışılmadan kesilmesinin güvenli olduğunu gösterebilir.

Bazı hastalar tedavinin ilk haftalarında kendilerini daha iyi hissetseler de bu durum, ilacın doktor önerisi olmadan kesilebileceği anlamına gelmez.

1. Because some patients feel better during the first weeks of treatment, this means that the medication can be discontinued without medical advice.
2. Some patients who feel better during the first weeks of treatment should discontinue the medication unless their doctor recommends it.
3. Even if some patients feel better during the first weeks of treatment, this situation proves that the medication no longer needs medical supervision.
4. Although some patients feel better during the first weeks of treatment, this does not mean that the medication can be discontinued without a doctor's recommendation.
5. Feeling better during the first weeks of treatment means that some patients may discontinue the medication before consulting a doctor.

Klinik çalışmalarda kullanılan gönüllülerin dikkatle seçilmesi, sonuçların daha güvenilir olmasını sağlayabilir; ancak bu durum bulguların tüm hasta gruplarına uygulanabileceğini garanti etmez.

1. The careful selection of volunteers used in clinical trials guarantees that the findings can be applied to all patient groups, although the results may be more reliable.
2. Clinical trials can be reliable only when volunteers are selected from all patient groups to which the findings will be applied.
3. The careful selection of volunteers used in clinical trials may make the results more reliable, but it does not guarantee that the findings can be applied to all patient groups.
4. Because volunteers used in clinical trials are carefully selected, the findings are always applicable to all patient groups.
5. Clinical trials may fail to produce reliable results unless their findings are applied to all patient groups before volunteers are selected.

Sleep is not a passive state in which the brain simply shuts down. During different stages of sleep, the body regulates hormone release, repairs tissues, and consolidates certain forms of memory. ---- This is why chronic sleep restriction has been associated not only with fatigue but also with impaired concentration, metabolic problems, and reduced immune function.

1. Some people use electronic devices in bed despite being aware that bright screens may delay sleep onset.
2. Dreams are sometimes remembered more clearly when a person wakes during rapid eye movement sleep.
3. Sleep laboratories usually monitor breathing, eye movement, and brain activity throughout the night.
4. The number of hours a person sleeps may vary across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
5. Therefore, repeated disruption of these processes can affect several systems that depend on regular nightly recovery.

Air pollution is often discussed in relation to lung disease, but its effects are not limited to the respiratory system. Fine particles can enter the bloodstream and contribute to inflammation in blood vessels. ---- For this reason, public-health researchers increasingly examine pollution as a factor in cardiovascular risk, especially among older adults and people with chronic illness.

1. Respiratory masks differ in how effectively they filter particles of various sizes.
2. Some cities publish daily air-quality reports to inform residents about outdoor conditions.
3. Such inflammation may influence blood pressure, clot formation, and the long-term stability of arterial plaques.
4. Industrial regulations are usually debated in terms of economic cost and employment.
5. Indoor air quality may be affected by cleaning products, cooking fumes, and inadequate ventilation.

(I) Chronic kidney disease is often detected through blood and urine tests before patients notice clear symptoms. (II) Reduced filtration can allow waste products and excess fluid to accumulate gradually in the body. (III) Early management therefore focuses on controlling blood pressure, monitoring protein in the urine, and slowing further loss of kidney function. (IV) Kidney transplantation requires careful matching between donor and recipient to reduce the risk of rejection. (V) If progression continues despite treatment, patients may eventually require dialysis or transplantation.

1. I
2. II
3. III
4. IV
5. V

(I) Asthma is characterised by episodes of airway narrowing that may cause wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. (II) Triggers such as exercise, respiratory infections, allergens, or cold air can vary considerably from one patient to another. (III) Identifying individual triggers helps clinicians adjust preventive treatment and advise patients on avoiding exposure when possible. (IV) Some inhaled medications are packaged in devices that must be shaken before each dose to mix the contents properly. (V) Regular follow-up is important because the pattern and severity of attacks may change over time.

1. I
2. II
3. III
4. IV
5. V

Over the past few years, the hospital ---- a sharp increase in emergency admissions, and managers fear that the situation ---- worse during the coming winter.

1. has recorded / may get
2. recorded / gets
3. records / got
4. had recorded / will got
5. is recording / may gotten

The clinical ---- of subtle neurological signs in geriatric patients is frequently confounded by the fact that comparable presentations may arise from polypharmacy, dehydration or the involutional changes of normal ageing.

1. interpretation
2. suspension
3. withdrawal
4. endurance
5. resemblance

By the time a patient presenting with septic shock ---- to the emergency department, the inflammatory cascade ---- multiple organ systems, which is why early goal-directed resuscitation is regarded as essential.

1. has admitted / affected
2. had been admitted / affects
3. admitted / will affect
4. is admitted / may have affected
5. would be admitted / has affected

Although high blood pressure usually produces no obvious symptoms for many years, ----.

1. it is therefore described as one of the most easily recognised disorders in emergency medicine
2. it can gradually damage the heart, kidneys and blood vessels before the patient realises anything is wrong
3. most patients immediately develop severe chest pain when their blood pressure rises slightly
4. physicians no longer recommend routine measurement in otherwise healthy adults
5. its diagnosis depends entirely on advanced imaging techniques rather than simple measurement

Because the early symptoms of kidney disease are often mild or absent, routine blood and urine tests play a crucial role in detecting the condition before permanent damage occurs.

1. Böbrek hastalığının belirtileri her zaman belirgin olduğundan, kalıcı hasardan önce kan ve idrar testleri nadiren kullanılır.
2. Böbrek hastalığı kalıcı hasara yol açtığında, erken belirtiler hafif olsa bile rutin kan ve idrar testleri gereksiz hâle gelir.
3. Rutin kan ve idrar testleri, böbrek hastalığının erken belirtilerini ortadan kaldırdığı için kalıcı hasarı tamamen önler.
4. Erken böbrek hastalığında belirtiler yoksa, rutin kan ve idrar testlerinin durumu saptamada hiçbir rolü yoktur.
5. Böbrek hastalığının erken belirtileri çoğu zaman hafif olduğu ya da hiç görülmediği için, kalıcı hasar oluşmadan önce durumun saptanmasında rutin kan ve idrar testleri hayati bir rol oynar.

The widespread use of broad-spectrum disinfectants in healthcare facilities has substantially reduced nosocomial infection rates, but their indiscriminate application may ---- the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of microorganisms.

1. alleviate
2. conceal
3. prescribe
4. facilitate
5. resemble

The clinical distinction ---- viral and bacterial respiratory infections is essential because antibiotic therapy is effective ---- a broad range of bacteria but exerts no antimicrobial activity whatsoever on viruses.

1. among / for
2. between / against
3. with / over
4. from / to
5. about / on

Kronik ağrı, başlangıçtaki doku hasarı iyileştikten sonra bile devam edebilir ve bu nedenle yalnızca bir belirti değil, başlı başına bir sağlık sorunu olarak ele alınmalıdır.

1. Chronic pain should not be considered a health problem because it is always merely a symptom of tissue damage.
2. Chronic pain disappears as soon as the initial tissue damage heals, so it should be regarded only as a symptom.
3. Initial tissue damage may continue after chronic pain has healed and therefore becomes a health problem in its own right.
4. Chronic pain may continue even after the initial tissue damage has healed and should therefore be regarded not merely as a symptom but as a health problem in its own right.
5. Even when chronic pain continues, it proves that the initial tissue damage has not healed.

(I) The liver processes nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract and stores some of them for later use. (II) It also breaks down many drugs and toxic substances before they can accumulate in the body. (III) In adults, it lies mainly in the upper right part of the abdomen and is partly protected by the ribs. (IV) Bile produced by the liver helps with the digestion of fats in the small intestine. (V) Because of these functions, severe liver disease can disturb metabolism, digestion and drug safety.

1. I
2. II
3. III
4. IV
5. V

Even in fairly modest quantities, ethanol can seriously ---- a person's judgement, blunt their psychomotor reactions and substantially weaken their ability to operate a motor vehicle safely.

1. enhance
2. impair
3. restore
4. sharpen
5. strengthen

---- the seasonal influenza vaccine does not by any means guarantee complete protection against the illness, it greatly reduces the likelihood of progression to severe or life-threatening respiratory complications.

1. Although
2. Because
3. So that
4. Unless
5. As soon as

While a moderate fever is usually a perfectly harmless sign that the body is actively fighting off an infection, ----.

1. an extremely high temperature can be genuinely dangerous and requires urgent medical attention
2. it is, in fact, one of the body's most important natural defence mechanisms
3. the great majority of fevers tend to disappear on their own within a couple of days
4. the brain deliberately raises the body's temperature in order to help kill off invading germs
5. drinking plenty of fluids and getting enough rest are the things that are usually recommended

The common cold is one of the most frequent illnesses anywhere in the world, and yet, despite decades of intensive research, there is still no reliable cure for it. ---- Because so many entirely different viruses are capable of producing exactly the same familiar set of symptoms, developing one single medicine or vaccine that could defeat them all has so far proved completely impossible. For the time being, treatment therefore focuses on relieving the symptoms rather than on curing the underlying illness itself.

1. The principal reason for this is that the common cold can in fact be caused by more than two hundred quite different viruses.
2. The various symptoms usually clear up entirely on their own within about a week or so.
3. Most people, in the course of an ordinary year, catch several quite separate colds.
4. Washing the hands regularly and thoroughly can noticeably reduce a person's risk of catching one.
5. A cold is, for an otherwise healthy adult, very rarely a genuinely dangerous illness.

A number of serious cardiomyopathies are now understood to be largely ----, which means, in straightforward genetic terms, that they are transmitted directly from parents to their biological offspring through identifiable mutations.

1. contagious
2. curable
3. hereditary
4. preventable
5. temporary

You ---- take this particular gastric-irritant medication on a completely empty stomach, since doing so may cause considerable inflammation and discomfort to the delicate mucosal lining of the stomach.

1. must
2. should not
3. needn't
4. can
5. would

If a tumour is detected at an early stage, before it has had the chance to spread to other organs, the chances of a full recovery are very high.

1. Tümör, diğer organlara yayıldıktan sonra saptansa bile, tam iyileşme şansı oldukça yüksektir.
2. Tümörün erken bir aşamada saptanması, diğer organlara yayılsa bile tam iyileşmeyi her zaman garanti eder.
3. Tümör, diğer organlara yayılma fırsatı bulmadan erken bir aşamada saptanırsa, tam iyileşme şansı oldukça yüksektir.
4. Tam iyileşme şansının yüksek olması, tümörün diğer organlara hızla yayılmasına bağlıdır.
5. Tümör ne zaman saptanırsa saptansın, diğer organlara yayılsa da yayılmasa da tam iyileşme şansı hep aynı kalır.

(I) The human gut is home to many trillions of tiny, mostly helpful bacteria, a number far greater even than the number of cells in the whole body. (II) A great many of these resident bacteria help us to digest the kinds of tough food that we could otherwise never manage to break down on our own. (III) Some of these same bacteria also quietly synthesise a range of useful vitamins that the body is then able to absorb and put to good use. (IV) Others among them play an important part in training the immune system to tell a harmless friend apart from a genuinely dangerous foe. (V) Antibiotics are powerful and widely used drugs that work simply by killing off the very bacteria responsible for causing an infection.

1. I
2. II
3. III
4. IV
5. V

It took the rather frail elderly patient several long and tiring weeks to ---- a particularly severe bout of seasonal influenza that had left her completely physically debilitated.

1. give up
2. put off
3. take after
4. look into
5. get over

Those patients who happen to suffer ---- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are obliged to pay extremely close and constant attention ---- exactly what they choose to eat and drink each day.

1. of / on
2. with / about
3. from / to
4. by / for
5. at / with

While a relatively mild fever can almost always be managed safely at home with simple care, ----.

1. it is, in truth, merely one of the body's many natural responses to an underlying infection
2. the great majority of fevers tend to pass off entirely on their own within a day or two at most
3. drinking plenty of fluids throughout the day is something that is very strongly recommended indeed
4. ordinary paracetamol can usually help a good deal to bring the raised temperature back down again
5. a very high temperature in a small child is something that always needs urgent medical attention

Henüz yayılmadan erken bir aşamada teşhis edilen birçok kanser türü, modern tedavi yöntemleri sayesinde bugün başarıyla tedavi edilebilmektedir.

1. Many types of cancer can be diagnosed at an early stage before spreading but are rarely treated successfully with modern methods.
2. Cancer can be treated successfully with modern methods only if it is never diagnosed at an early stage before spreading.
3. Most types of cancer are impossible to treat even when diagnosed at an early stage before they have spread.
4. Diagnosis at an early stage before spreading makes most types of cancer far more difficult to treat with modern methods.
5. Many types of cancer that are diagnosed at an early stage before spreading can now be treated successfully thanks to modern methods.

Although it does nothing whatsoever to cure the underlying inflammatory condition itself, a warm compress applied to the affected area can do a great deal to ---- the localised discomfort and the persistent muscular stiffness.

1. ease
2. intensify
3. prolong
4. conceal
5. provoke

The medication is generally regarded as very safe and remarkably well tolerated; ----, like all pharmacological agents, it can occasionally produce unwanted adverse reactions in a small number of susceptible patients.

1. therefore
2. moreover
3. however
4. otherwise
5. similarly

Music has been used to comfort and to heal people for thousands of years, but only recently has it become a recognised form of therapy. Modern music therapy is not simply entertainment; it is planned by trained specialists according to a patient's emotional, cognitive or physical needs. ---- In hospitals, gentle music can help to lower a patient's heart rate and to ease anxiety before an operation. It has even been shown to help some people who have lost the power of speech after a stroke to communicate once again.

1. Not everyone, of course, finds the same kind of music relaxing.
2. The effects of music on the brain are still not fully understood.
3. Trained music therapists now work in schools as well as in hospitals.
4. Today, it is used to treat a surprisingly wide range of conditions.
5. Listening to music releases chemicals in the brain that lift the mood.

(I) The skin holds many millions of tiny, scattered receptors that together give us our valuable and constant sense of touch. (II) These many receptors are able to detect a whole wide range of different stimuli, including pressure, sharp pain, warming heat and cold. (III) Some areas of the body, such as the very tips of the fingers and the lips, are far more densely sensitive to touch than others. (IV) The nerve signals that all of these receptors generate then travel swiftly along the nerves and up to the waiting brain. (V) The thin outer layer of the skin quietly and ceaselessly renews itself, replacing all of its worn cells roughly once every single month.

1. I
2. II
3. III
4. IV
5. V

In individuals with a serious IgE-mediated food allergy, ingesting even a very small amount of an offending allergen, such as the proteins found in peanuts, can ---- a severe and potentially fatal anaphylactic reaction within minutes of exposure.

1. prevent
2. soothe
3. trigger
4. delay
5. cure

The average life expectancy at birth in many high-income countries ---- considerably over the last hundred years, principally because living conditions and standards of medical care ---- enormously during that same historical period.

1. rises / improved
2. has risen / have improved
3. has risen / improve
4. rose / have improved
5. had risen / improved

Semmelweis himself, despite his careful observations, could not explain exactly why this simple practice of hand-washing worked so well, ----.

1. so he immediately became famous all across Europe
2. because the germ theory of disease had already been proved
3. and as a result a great many of his colleagues refused to believe him
4. although the number of deaths had very clearly fallen
5. unless other doctors were willing to repeat his experiments

It took many years and a great deal of evidence for doctors to accept that invisible germs could cause deadly diseases.

1. Doktorların görünmez mikropların ölümcül hastalıklara yol açabileceğini kabul etmesi uzun yıllar sürdü ve büyük miktarda kanıt gerektirdi.
2. Doktorlar, görünmez mikropların hastalık yapamayacağını yıllar içinde ve büyük miktarda kanıtla kanıtladı.
3. Ölümcül hastalıkların görünmez mikroplardan kaynaklandığı görüşü, yeterli kanıt olmadan hemen kabul edildi.
4. Doktorlar, görünmez mikropların yalnızca hafif hastalıklara yol açtığını birkaç yıl ve az miktarda kanıtla anladı.
5. Görünmez mikropların ölümcül hastalık yaptığı düşüncesi, onca kanıta rağmen bugün hâlâ tartışmalıdır.

Numerous large-scale epidemiological studies have repeatedly shown that a habitual diet high in sodium and saturated animal fats is extremely ---- to cardiovascular health, since it accelerates atherosclerotic plaque formation within the coronary arteries and substantially raises the risk of myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke.

1. detrimental
2. beneficial
3. indifferent
4. essential
5. agreeable

The newly constructed oncology wing of the hospital has been fitted ---- the very latest cross-sectional imaging equipment, which makes it possible to detect even sub-centimetre malignant tumours ---- a remarkably early stage of biological progression.

1. by / at
2. with / at
3. for / on
4. to / in
5. about / over

Vücudun pek çok temel işlevini denetleyen hormonlardaki küçük dengesizlikler bile, kişinin ruh hâlini, enerji düzeyini ve genel sağlığını şaşırtıcı derecede ciddi biçimde etkileyebilir.

1. The mood and the energy of a person are only very rarely affected by their hormones, even when a serious imbalance happens to develop.
2. Only very large changes in the hormones, and certainly not small ones, are ever able to have any noticeable effect on a person's mood and energy.
3. Even small imbalances in the hormones, which control so many of the body's basic functions, can have a surprisingly serious effect on a person's mood, energy levels and general health.
4. A person's mood and energy in fact have remarkably little to do with their hormones, whatever the overall state of those hormones may happen to be.
5. Hormones can affect a person's energy levels to some degree, but they appear to have almost no real influence on that person's general mood.

Unlike many vaccines, which are given only once or twice in a whole lifetime, the flu vaccine needs to be given every single year. The protection gained in a previous season may not match the viruses that begin circulating months later. ---- For this reason, the vaccine has to be updated regularly so that it matches the strains that are expected to be the most common. Health experts particularly encourage the elderly and those with long-term illnesses to have the vaccine each autumn.

1. Many people still wrongly believe that the vaccine itself can give them flu.
2. The vaccine is usually offered free of charge to those who are most at risk.
3. This is because the flu virus changes slightly from one year to the next.
4. Flu can be a very serious illness, particularly for older people.
5. The vaccine takes roughly two weeks to become fully effective.

The nursing staff monitored the elderly patient closely throughout the night, well aware that, given her advanced age, multiple pre-existing comorbidities and impaired renal function, her overall clinical condition could ---- rapidly and without any clearly identifiable prodromal warning signs.

1. improve
2. stabilise
3. recover
4. decline
5. strengthen

You really should always finish the entire prescribed course of broad-spectrum antibiotics ---- you start to feel completely well again after only a day or two of treatment, in order to minimise the risk of bacterial resistance.

1. so that
2. because
3. as if
4. unless
5. even if

Although the body needs a small amount of salt each day to carry out several of its basic functions, ----.

1. it is in fact found naturally in a great many everyday foods
2. most people today consume far more of it than is actually good for them
3. because eating too little salt can also cause real health problems
4. so most of our food would taste extremely bland without it
5. unless they make a deliberate effort to cut right down on it

The invention of eyeglasses in the late Middle Ages allowed millions of people to go on reading and working productively well into old age.

1. Orta Çağ'ın sonlarında gözlüğün icadı, milyonlarca insanın ileri yaşlara dek verimli biçimde okumayı ve çalışmayı sürdürmesine olanak tanıdı.
2. Gözlük Orta Çağ'ın sonlarında icat edilmeden önce de insanlar ileri yaşlarda rahatça okuyup çalışabiliyordu.
3. Orta Çağ'ın sonlarında gözlüğün icadı, insanların verimli biçimde okuyabildiği ve çalışabildiği süreyi büyük ölçüde kısalttı.
4. İleri yaşlarda verimli biçimde okumak ve çalışmak, Orta Çağ'da gözlüğün icadından sonra bile çok güç bir işti.
5. Orta Çağ'ın sonlarında icat edilen gözlük, yalnızca genç insanların daha verimli okumasını sağlayan bir araçtı.

(I) Anaemia is a common blood condition in which the circulating blood ends up carrying far too little oxygen around the body. (II) The white blood cells are the particular part of the blood whose chief task it is to find and fight off any infection. (III) Anaemia very often quietly arises whenever there are simply far too few healthy red blood cells present in the blood. (IV) One extremely common underlying cause of this shortage is a long and lasting deficiency of iron in a person's everyday diet. (V) Persistent fatigue, unusually pale skin and a nagging feeling of breathlessness are all among its most typical and recognisable signs.

1. I
2. II
3. III
4. IV
5. V

Patients who succeed in giving up cigarette smoking, even comparatively late in life, can ---- reduce their long-term cardiovascular risk and add several healthy disease-free years to their natural life expectancy.

1. barely
2. rarely
3. reluctantly
4. considerably
5. temporarily

The pioneering scientist ---- groundbreaking discovery first revealed the cellular mechanisms by which surgical wounds actually heal received very little international recognition during his own lifetime.

1. who
2. which
3. whose
4. whom
5. where

Cildin derinlerine işleyen bir yara, düzgün biçimde iyileşebilmesi ve geride kalıcı bir iz bırakmaması için bazen bir doktor tarafından atılan birkaç dikiş gerektirebilir.

1. A wound that goes deep into the skin will always heal perfectly well and without a scar, even without any stitches at all.
2. Stitches put in by a doctor tend to make a wound that goes deep into the skin take a great deal longer to heal and leave a worse scar.
3. A wound that goes deep into the skin may sometimes need a few stitches put in by a doctor in order to heal properly and without leaving a permanent scar.
4. Only very shallow wounds ever require a few stitches put in by a doctor in order to heal properly and without a permanent scar.
5. A wound that goes deep into the skin heals best, and with no scar, when it is simply left completely alone without any stitches.

During a serious community-wide outbreak of a highly communicable infectious disease, it is often necessary to strictly ---- those individuals who are already symptomatic and infectious, so that they cannot transmit the pathogen on to anyone else within the population.

1. reward
2. examine
3. comfort
4. educate
5. isolate

She feels very much better today than at any point in the previous fortnight, which strongly suggests that the new course of monoclonal antibody treatment ---- at last as the consultants had hoped.

1. worked
2. had worked
3. will work
4. was working
5. is working

The sense of touch protects us constantly by warning us the moment something is too hot, too sharp or too rough to handle safely.

1. Dokunma duyusu, bir şeyin tehlikeli olup olmadığını anlamamızı sürekli olarak engeller.
2. Bir nesnenin sıcak, keskin ya da pürüzlü olması, dokunma duyusuyla asla fark edilemez.
3. Dokunma duyusu, bir şey güvenle tutulamayacak kadar sıcak, keskin ya da pürüzlü olduğu anda bizi uyararak bizi sürekli korur.
4. Sıcak, keskin ya da pürüzlü nesneler, ancak onlara bakılarak fark edilebilir.
5. Dokunma duyusu, yalnızca soğuk ve pürüzsüz nesneleri fark etmemizi sağlar.

Of all the many forms of exercise, walking is perhaps the most underrated of them all. ---- It requires no special skill, no expensive equipment and no costly gym membership whatsoever. A brisk daily walk strengthens the heart, helps to keep our weight under control and noticeably lifts the mood. Best of all, it is something that almost anyone, at almost any age, is able to do.

1. Yet it is also one of the very simplest and cheapest forms of all.
2. Running, of course, burns up rather more calories than walking does.
3. Many people now walk their dogs every single day of the week.
4. Some cities are, admittedly, far easier to walk around than others.
5. Walking to work has become increasingly popular in recent years.

(I) Caffeine is a natural stimulant substance that is found in coffee, in tea and in a great many of the popular fizzy soft drinks. (II) It works chiefly by blocking the very brain signals that would otherwise build up and make us gradually start to feel sleepy. (III) This blocking action is the main reason why a single strong cup of coffee is so very often able to help us feel more awake and alert. (IV) Too much caffeine, taken late in the day however, can induce an uncomfortably racing heart together with a long night of poor, broken sleep. (V) Coffee was, as it happens, first brewed and widely enjoyed many centuries ago in the warm lands of the Middle East.

1. I
2. II
3. III
4. IV
5. V

Although the new antimicrobial agent is extremely effective against the underlying infection itself, in a small number of susceptible patients it can ---- unpleasant idiosyncratic side effects such as persistent nausea, vertigo and transient headache.

1. take after
2. give rise to
3. put off
4. carry out
5. get over

The maximum volume of whole blood that can safely be taken from a single donor depends ---- their body weight and haematocrit and ---- their general state of cardiovascular health at the time of donation.

1. on / on
2. in / at
3. at / for
4. about / to
5. of / with

----, obesity places an enormous burden on the body, significantly increasing the risk of developing conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer.

1. Even though modern medicine can now easily and completely reverse all of its harmful effects
2. Because the great majority of people who are overweight are, in actual fact, perfectly healthy
3. So that the total number of people affected by it has been falling steadily year after year
4. Unless the individual in question also happens to take regular and vigorous physical exercise
5. Although it is all too often dismissed as simply a matter of personal choice and willpower

Ağır bir nezle yüzünden burnumuz günlerce tıkalı kaldığında, en sevdiğimiz yiyecekler bile bize neredeyse tamamen tatsız gelmeye başlar.

1. When our nose stays blocked for days because of a heavy cold, even our favourite foods begin to taste even better than they usually do.
2. A nose that stays blocked for days because of a heavy cold has almost no effect at all on the way our favourite foods taste to us.
3. We can still taste even our favourite foods perfectly well when our nose stays blocked for days because of a heavy cold.
4. When our nose stays blocked for days because of a heavy cold, even our favourite foods begin to seem almost completely tasteless to us.
5. Our favourite foods taste strongest of all at exactly those times when our nose stays blocked for days because of a heavy cold.